The term "personality", like many other basic concepts of the humanities, despite many attempts to define the vagueness and ambiguity remains. This term is used in different senses, both in everyday language, as well as philosophy, anthropology, history, psychology, sociology and many other humanities.
I will discuss in detail the concept of personality in the psychological sense.
Definitions formulated by personality psychologists often emphasize conditioning properties of the human psyche, and sometimes even limited to them. Analyzing personality, should be noted that it is not a feature of the human species, but the feature of personal and cultural, relating to the design, which aims to achieve a process of education and self-education.Human personality is shaped by the biophysical characteristics as well as through the socialization process, which adapts to life in the community, can agree upon, and intelligent action on its part, learns how to behave to achieve goals in life. Socialization is entering the culture of what is meant as a learning and adoption by the traditions and cultural patterns designating the manner of its behavior.
Ancient times were interested in human traits, but then classified it as a difference of temperament. Hippocrates (460 - 377 BC) distinguished four types of temperaments: phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic and sanguine.
He briefly characterized them:
Phlegmatic (gr. phlegmatikos - "full of slime") is a man marked by low dynamic disposition, a non-violent emotions, poorly responsive to stimuli, but persistent in the operation and consistent in their feelings. Phlegmatic type is characterized by low excitability, it is balanced and calm. physiological basis of phlegmatic temperament is a strong and sustainable type of nervous system.
Choleric (Gr. chole - "yellow") - a wildcat strike, a strong and rapidly emerging emotional reactions, distinguished by high energy and a lack of mastery of life. Choleric reactions are disproportionate to the stimulus. Physiological basis of choleric temperament is a strong, unbalanced (predominance of the process stimulate the process of braking) TNS.
Melancholic (gr. melancholikos - "sad") - a man of gentle disposition, passive, which is characterized by lack of impulsivity, strong, slow-growing emotional reactions. Melancholic in action is very resilient and quitter. Melancholic type is characterized by low mobility, apathy, chronic states of depression. physiological basis of a melancholic temperament is known. weak type of nervous system.
Sanguine (Latin Sanguis - "Blood") - a man with a lively, cheerful, emotional, active temperament, sensitive, with strong and rapid reactions. Sanguine easily adapts to changing conditions of life, is immune to difficulty. Typology of higher nervous activity, corresponds to his strong balanced and agile type of nervous system.
PERSONALITY In the nineteenth century, mainly Sigmund Freud was able to identify and define the personality - as one of the basic concepts of psychological and sociological. It is used to denote the total disposal and psychological functions of man, setting his behavior and providing the kind of structure, such as: "The team internal conditions that determine how a person reacts to its relations with the world operating on him."
The etymology of personality derives from the word - the person. It means being a rational nature, characterised by separation from other beings, having awareness of one's existence, will, its own character and value system
The definition of personality is divided into three interrelated areas, according to which personality is:1) a set of relatively stable characteristic of the individual features and characteristics which determine its behavior and distinguish it from others;
Two) team internal conditions affecting the way in which man adapts himself to the environment;
3) a team of psychological mechanisms, such as identity, attitudes, needs, attitudes, intelligence, recognized the value that makes that man is capable of directing their own lives, and his behavior are organized and relatively stable.
Recent recognition of the personality show that, although the biophysical characteristics of human and external effects are the basis of personality, but did not determine. However, a decisive influence on the activity of the personality is the same unit.
Defining personality would enable testing, anticipating and shaping human behavior.
"It is a mistake to believe that a science consists in nothing but conclusively proved propositions, and it is unjust to demand that it should. It is a demand only made by those who feel a craving for authority in some form and a need to replace the religious catechism by something else, even if it be a scientific one. Science in its catechism has but few apodictic precepts; it consists mainly of statements which it has developed to varying degrees of probability. The capacity to be content with these approximations to certainty and the ability to carry on constructive work despite the lack of final confirmation are actually a mark of the scientific habit of mind. "
~Freud
Freud didn't exactly invent the idea of the conscious versus unconscious mind, but he certainly was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, what have you. Working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what we might today call "available memory:" anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories you are not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to mind. Now no-one has a problem with these two layers of mind. But Freud suggested that these are the smallest parts!
The largest part by far is the unconscious. It includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma.
According to Freud, the unconscious is the source of our motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex, neurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientist. And yet, we are often driven to deny or resist becoming conscious of these motives, and they are often available to us only in disguised form.
The id works in keeping with the pleasure principle, which can be understood as a demand to take care of needs immediately. Just picture the hungry infant, screaming itself blue. It doesn't "know" what it wants in any adult sense; it just knows t
hat it wants it and it wants it now. The infant, in the Freudian view, is pure, or nearly pure id. And the id is nothing if not the psychic representative of biology.
The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the reality principle, which says "take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found." It represents reality and, to a considerable extent, reason.
However, as the ego struggles to keep the id (and, ultimately, the organism) happy, it meets with obstacles in the world. It occasionally meets with objects that actually assist it in attaining its goals. And it keeps a record of these obstacles and aides. In particular, it keeps track of the rewards and punishments meted out by two of the most influential objects in the world of the child -- mom and dad. This record of things to avoid and strategies to take becomes the superego. It is not completed until about seven years of age
. In some people, it never is completed.
There are two aspects to the superego: One is the conscience, which is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The other is called the ego ideal. It deriv
es from rewards and positive models presented to the child. The conscience and ego ideal communicate their requirements to the ego with feelings like pride, shame, and guilt.
It is as if we acquired, in childhood, a new set of needs and accompanying wishes, this time of social rather than biological origins. Unfortunately, these new wishes can easily conflict with the ones from the id. You see, the superego represents society, and socie
ty often wants nothing better than to have you never satisfy your needs at all!
Sigmund Freud and his theories always aroused emotions in both years
its activities and at the moment. Freud attacked so far
thinking about the psychology of thinking and took up a whole new awareness of the
look so far. After some time he became a mentor to many
his disciples and began to distribute and broadcast their unusual theories.
One can even say that to restore that world of psychology with first so amazing and unique theory on the human psyche.
Sigmund Freud online biography
Self concept theory
Attitude towards oneself, especially in view of their abilities and other characteristics of socially valuable. Depending on the subjective assessment and emotional relationship to their own characteristics, self-esteem is positive or negative, this kind of emotional balance is defined as the level of self, understood as the most emotional aspect of attitude towards each other, while the cognitive aspect of self-described as "self concept" . The term "negative self" corresponds well with the more traditional term "sense of inferiority" and the term "positive self" in everyday language is a close counterpart in the term 'self-confidence. "
The level of self-esteem is the result of two factors:
1) The results so far (successes or failures) in taking action;
2) some cognitive standards, serving as a frame of reference in terms of ideals, role models and expectations of other people (eg parents), these standards are subjective criterion for assessing their own experience and that ultimately decides the outcome of the balance sheet, whether the results of actions are judged to be success or failure.
The level of self-esteem is related to the instability or stability, features related to the degree of change in the level of self under the influence of immediate success or failure (which usually amounts to a positive or negative evaluations of others). High self-esteem instability is common in neurotic people, who generally reduced self-esteem.
One feature is its self-relevance, ie the degree of compatibility between the cognitive aspect of this attitude and the actual, or the relationship between the attributes that the entity is real, and the features that one is willing to assign.
Another feature of self-esteem, and also one of the key issues in the theory of attitudes, self-consistency, ie the degree of internal consistency between the assessments of their abilities in different situations or activities, self-esteem would be perfectly coherent entity that has all kinds of activities equally assess their capabilities and equally at home accepts perceived characteristics. A question about the consistency of self-esteem is also a theoretical problem, if he was a self-consistent fact rare in practice, it would then examine the different types of self-esteem and self-concepts differ. Although it seems reasonable doubt that self-recognition as a generalized approach is more appropriate.
ME!
- Very good example of image manipulation by a cosmetic companies
Dove evolution
- Using self concept to access advertising effectiveness
-Another DOVE advert
Sources:
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html
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